A New Paradigm Substance Use Disorder Treatment - 1656 Words

Remission a new paradigm in Substance Use Disorder Treatment Addiction treatment is a complex and paradoxical issue. Despite the fact that most of the medical and academic institutions define addiction as a chronic brain disease, it is too often treated on an acute basis. Chronic conditions are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as requiring ongoing management over a period of years or decades and cover a wide range of health problems. The goals of chronic care are not to cure, but to enhance functional status, minimize distressing symptoms, prolong life through secondary prevention and enhance quality of life. As for other chronic diseases requiring a continuum of care, the expectations that addiction can respond to a single,†¦show more content†¦There have been a lot of ideological opposition to it since its inception because of their fundamental differences. The conventional abstinence approach suggested that abstinence and therefore reducing the prevalence of use ought to be main goals of substance use, interventions or policy while the harm reduction approach defined the severity of substance use problems by the extent, quantity and frequency of substance use by an individual or within a population. Nowadays harm reduction is an umbrella term usually described as a strategy directed toward individuals or groups that aims to reduce the harms associated with substance abuse. This paradigm accepts that a continuing level of substance use is inevitable in society and defines objectives as reducing adverse consequences. It emphasizes the measurement of health, social and economic outcomes, as opposed to the measurement of drug consumption. This approach have been effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in adult populations with substance abuse however the concept of harm is not objectively defined, and therefore does not provide a strong empirical basis for the implementation and evaluation of harm reduction measures. With regards to alcohol field, there has been recognition that abstinence may not be the ideal or most feasible

Marriage, Love, Rape and Pornography from the Female...

Marriage and love, now days it is true that youll find a couple who had fell in love and that had made it throughout. marriage is more than a couple who are dedicated its showing responsibility and shows they will be there for eachother. I can personally relate to this by me and my girlfriend have been dating for a while and we still fight a lot but we get over it and we broke but got back, i dont see myself ready yet to tackle this big factor in my life or not just yet or anytime soon, maybe once im done with school and get a job in my career when im more stable rather as now when say i end up with a kid at this age at nineteen and no job just working on cars for side job.From when girls are small they are told that marriage is the†¦show more content†¦I even vacuum and make sure its clean and take nearly a whole day just to make sure its all nice and neat and not dirty. Where everyone sees an image of a woman cleaning and taking care of the kids at home. The textbook says â€Å"I dont mind sharing the household, but i dont do it very well. We should each do the things were best at.† I personally got a little mad at that since it doesnt matter if youre not good you sometimes in life have to do something that is better for both. Thats why when i do move in or when i get married i want to make sure its not just her doing all work but as well i atleast help clean around and give some effort as well. The next topic im going to talk about is rape, Nearly all women think too much that they think men rape a lot. However, i see it as theyre scared and try avoiding and when typically when a women gets rapes its majoriy time her fault that she ended up in the situation. In my high school there was a girl who would party a lot and would go out but with college people and she would go along with some â€Å"Guy friends†, they were all in college while she was a junior. I remember seeing her and she would tell my friends stories of having fun and sayi ng everyone should do it and not be scared. I thought to myself shes either going to get a kid soon or shes not make it in life somewhere since all she focuses on it partying and thats what she looks forward too all the time long. Furthermore, allShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Moral Decline1123 Words   |  5 Pageswhat is right and wrong in human behavior.† From this definition we can understand that a moral decline is a decline in knowing the different between right or wrong. In another word our moral is like a guide for every choice we make in our life. Therefore anything could affect our moral reasoning would affect our life. So is our society is a state of a moral decline? I think yes our society in a state of a moral decline because of the raise of pornography, the increasing divorce rate, and the economyRead MoreSex, Pornography, And Its Impact On Marriage2247 Words   |  9 Pages Marital Disaffection, Pornography, and Its Impact on Marriage Aracely Rivera Liberty University Abstract Marriage is one of the oldest institutions known to humans. In biblical times, there were clear examples of the origins of marriage. In those days, it was common to marry within one’s family, as was the case of Isaac and Jacob, who married their cousins, and Abraham, who married his half-sister. We can also see early examples of polygamy. Jacob and King David were known toRead MorePornography And Its Effect On Society1785 Words   |  8 PagesPornography is a booming industry which is at its highest peak. With so many ways to access Porn, it is no wonder how common it is to hear the terms associated with porn. Porn has changed the perception of sex in an ample amount of ways. Some would consider porn to be prostitution, the only difference is that it is filmed and it is legal. Porn is not something that should be lightly tossed around in the conversation if there is no maturity involved. It is sickening to know that young kid can seeRead MoreCalculus Oaper13589 Words   |  55 Pagesinvited defeat from men without ever being conscious of it. (But I am conscious of it. And being conscious of it means I shall leave it all behind me and become--but what?) I was stuck fast in an emotion common to women of our time, that can turn them bitter, or Lesbian, or solitary. Yes, that Anna during that time was . . .    [Another blank line across the page:](2) The bias of compulsory heterosexuality, through which lesbian experience is perceived on a scale ranging from deviant to abhorrentRead MoreThe, Birds And The Bees Analogy1575 Words   |  7 Pagessharing various genetics, skills, and traits from both parties. Seems easy enough? Not necessarily. Even if parents do use the classic ‘birds and the bees’ analogy for discuss this scandalous subject, children are still curious about how it works and wish to explore it for themselves. During the Victorian era, women became more open with sexuality. Such misconceptions like masturbation stunting growth and making one crazy as well as uterine suction preventing rape were also developed as a result of theRead MoreUcsb Human Sex Soc 152a Final Study Guide4110 Words   |  17 Pages Most condoms were made from animal skin d. 1960s – oral contraceptives ( helps spur the â€Å"sexual revolution† of that time 2. Feminists led the campaign to legalize contraception a. â€Å"Comstock Laws† [contraception was considered obscene] b. Margeret Sanger (Read Box on 19.1) i. Birth control movement 3. Contraception has not yet solved the problem of unwanted births a. Half unwanted pregnancies in the US result from not using any method ofRead MoreEssay about Gendered Media9688 Words   |  39 PagesWomen A primary way in which media distort reality is in underrepresenting women. Whether it is prime-time television, in which there are three times as many white men as women (Basow, 1992 p. 159), or children’s programming, in which males outnumber females by two to one, or newscasts, in which women make up 16% of newscasters and in which stories about men are included 10 MEDIA’S MISREPRESENTATION OF AMERICAN LIFE The media present a distorted version of cultural life in our country. AccordingRead MoreThe Legalization Of Prostitution Within The United States2257 Words   |  10 Pagesline of work due to many areas having this profession marked as illegal. These legal restrictions breed further problems for sex workers ranging from health problems, work environment dangers, and tough economic situations. The idea of legalizing prostitution within the United States has been pitched as a solution to these problems. The negatives ranged from all prostitutes being drug addicts or that legalization of this profession would create many more problems than it would solve. Further examinationRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Perspective2541 Words   |  11 PagesCriminology in particular is one of the most male centered fields of study in social sciences. As a female who plans to one day hold a career in this field, this issue is very personal to me. In 1960, Canada and Britain began interest in the argument that women are ignored in criminology. After this, the second wave of feminism interest came mid-twentieth century. This wave led to renewed interest in female offenders. Feminism is a set of theories and strategies to make gender the central focus in socialRead MorePopulation Education Reviewer3847 Words   |  16 PagesDEVELOPMENT The Catholic Church and the Population Program By Jose Nacieno p-40-44 CBCPS’s GUIDING PRINCIPLES July 10, 1990 * First Principle: â€Å"Respect should be given to the sacredness of human life in all stages.† * Second Principle: â€Å"Marriage and the marital act have two aspects: the unitive and procreative† * Third Principle: Directly willed abortion, the use of abortifacients, sterilization and contraception are wrong in themselves. * FifthPrinciple: the Church advocates natural

Pharmacology Basal Insulin

Question: Describe about the Basal Insulin? Answer: The human system naturally produces various quantities of insulin at various times. Slighter and steady amounts are generated between lunch and overnight, sometimes termed as background or basal insulin. Larger quantities are generated when individual eat, termed as bolus insulin (Lillian F. Lien, 2011). Collectively, these can manage the level of glucose within the blood stream throughout the day (Ahmad, 2014). When the human system cannot make adequate amount of insulin, for instance during the diabetic conditions, individual may require taking manufactured insulin from outside as dosage modes to obtain the equal effect. Basal insulin comprises longer functioning and intermediate functioning insulin. These types of insulin lower the level of blood glucose more gradually and stay longer than the rapid acting insulin. A physician can recommend taking basal dosage once or twice in a day. Detemir insulin is considered as soluble, recombinant and long-functioning insulin analog that is produced by modification in chemical structure of normal insulin. Fatty acid acylation increases the detemir affinity to albumin, which allows for prolonged period of effect by delayed absorption as a consequence of albumin binding in plasma and adipose tissue of subcutaneous region. Insulin detemir is soluble at neutral pH and is present as liquid after subcutaneous injection, diminish absorption viability and raise surface area, unlike NPH insulin and glargine (Garg, Rosenstock and Ways, 2005). Detemir insulin has equal potential to insulin NPH. Detmir has certain advantages over the NPH insulin and glargine. These advantages are: once or twice regular administration, less inconsistency in patient responses, a smaller amount of weight gain, improvement or similarity in glycemic control and reduction in occurrence of hypoglycemia comprising both severe and night time hypoglycemia. Accor ding to the scientists Frier, Jones and Heise (2013) Insulin detemir therapy offered better or similar glycemic control, lesser within-subject inconsistency, lower or similar hypoglycemia frequency and a lesser amount of weight gain while compared with isophane insulin (Frier, Russell-Jones and Heise, 2013). Insulin degludec is a basal insulin analogue, which is even more long-acting and was developed by Novo Nordisk (NASRALLAH, NASRALLAH and L. Raymond Reynolds, 2012). A doctor can recommend taking this insulin via subcutaneous injection once a day to control the level of the blood sugar. Scientists Garber et al. (2012) have performed a basal-bolus type II trial with insulin degludec (Garber et al., 2012). In the basal-bolus type II trial insulin degludec was examined as a substitute to glargine insulin in type II diabetic patients. Almost 995patients were received either glargine or degludec, along with mealtime aspart insulin or pioglitazone (Chen, 2005). Patients who were involved in this trial had an average of 8.3-8.4% of HbA1c and almost 50% patients were under the treatment of oral anti-diabetic and basal-bolus insulin medications (Garber et al., 2012). At the end of the research study it was found that insulin degludec is more efficient than insulin glargine. It offers good amou nt of HbA1c lowering effect. Overall hypoglycaemia rates were significantly low with degludec, along with the incidences of night time hypoglycaemia. References Ahmad, K. (2014). Insulin sources and types: a review of insulin in terms of its mode on diabetes mellitus.Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 34(2), pp.234-237. Chen, J. (2005). Impact of insulin antibodies on insulin aspart pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after 12-week treatment with multiple daily injections of biphasic insulin aspart 30 in patients with type 1 diabetes.European Journal of Endocrinology, 153(6), pp.907-913. Frier, B., Russell-Jones, D. and Heise, T. (2013). A comparison of insulin detemir and neutral protamine Hagedorn (isophane) insulin in the treatment of diabetes: a systematic review.Diabetes Obes Metab, 15(11), pp.978-986. Garber, A., King, A., Prato, S., Sreenan, S., Balci, M., Muoz-Torres, M., Rosenstock, J., Endahl, L., Francisco, A. and Hollander, P. (2012). Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 2): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial.The Lancet, 379(9825), pp.1498-1507. Garg, S., Rosenstock, J. and Ways, K. (2005). Optimized Basal-Bolus Insulin Regimens In Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin Glulisine Versus Regular Human Insulin In Combination With Basal Insulin Glargine.Endocrine Practice, 11(1), pp.11-17. Lillian F. Lien, M. (2011).Glycemic Control in the Hospitalized Patient. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Nasrallah, Nasrallah, and L. Raymond Reynolds, (2012). Insulin Degludec, The New Generation Basal Insulin or Just another Basal Insulin?.CMED, p.31.

Losing Common Sense in a Sea of Technology free essay sample

Technology has made miracles take place. Technology is an asset to our society. Things we could not do with our anatomical brains we can conjure up with a machine. With the answers to simple questions at fingertips with the availability of the internet, simple thought processes replaced with instant gratification. Critical thinking is almost extinct due to rapid response internet websites and databases. In today’s society, we depend on computers and technology to dictate schedules, lead meetings, and manage social lives. Therefore, ruing personal bonds, destroying critical and creative thinking, and losing common sense. The introduction of technology and computers on society has been beneficial in many areas, science having the biggest impact. For example, new radar technology will allow forecasters to see extreme weather, as will potential improvements to satellite technology, as well as computer models that run on powerful super computers. With these radars improved, more lives saved. We will write a custom essay sample on Losing Common Sense in a Sea of Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"This will allow us to get to cover faster and be better prepared† (Lubchenco, Hayes 68). Another example of how technology has been beneficial to our society is in the medical field. Today many surgeries perform with the help of robots. Robotically assisted cardiac surgery presents less invasive than conventional surgery, with shortened hospital stays and faster return to daily activities (Krueger, Jones, Howell, etal. ) The largest benefit of technology is the easy and fast access that has come from the Internet. Almost any subject matter, research papers, and technical documents are available to anyone. Communication has also become much simpler using the Internet. Computers and the internet has become a staple in the American home. Not only are Americans conforming to an E-society, the rest of the world is too. This intention of this paper is not to discourage technology. Technology has done the unimaginable in societies here and abroad, perhaps technology has done too much. As we advance in the small gadgets and upgrade our systems to use the latest software, it is safe to say, we have become â€Å"addicted†. Because of this â€Å"addiction† or dependency on technology and computers, more and more people are flooding to their P. D. A’s or to their laptops to do simple everyday tasks; we should know how to do already. Anything from grocery shopping, booking a plane flight, depositing a paycheck, can be done over the internet from a personal computer, cell phone, or I Pad. Life as we know it is becoming a virtual reality within itself. We focus our addenda’s and our itineraries based around technology. Despite the positive impact technology has made on education, there are certainly areas that it poorly used. â€Å"The uncontrolled use of technology without examining its long-term benefits and potential problems is not something that should be allowed to happen in education. (Hodorowicz) For example, more and more often universities are moving toward â€Å"distant learning†, or online classes. â€Å"Nothing can replace the interactions between students and teachers. Once the process of learning from a fellow person has been automated to something mechanical many things will be lost† (Hodorowicz). Furthermore, automated grading loses the ability to see just where a student went wrong, or what the student was trying to achieve in an answer. Online courses remove the ability to deal with truly great teachers in a personal way, and it removes the ability to interact with other students. Automated education also hinders getting help when needed. It has been noted that with the use of computers and technology â€Å"education will no longer be an unpredictable and exciting adventure in human enlightenment, but an exercise in conformity and an apprenticeship to whatever gadgetry is useful in a technical world† (Schwarz). Technology has also been useful inside the home. yet, has been a key factor in the decline of stable, social relationships. Researchers are debating whether the Internet is improving or harming participation in community life and social relationships. This research examined the social and psychological impact of the Internet on 169 people in 73 households during their first 1 to 2 years on-line. We used longitudinal data to examine the effects of the Internet on social involvement and psychological well-being. In this sample, the Internet was used extensively for communication. Nonetheless, greater use of the Internet was associated with declines in participants communication with family members in the household, declines in the size of their social circle, and increases in their depression and loneliness (Kraut, Patterson,Keisler,etal. . Virtual communities are becoming an ever-growing normality. With the social networks like Facebook and twitter comes the anonymous predators. † The Internet is populated by people with false identities, people with inaccurate information, people who express themselves quickly and with little reflection or sense of accountability† (Schwarz). New frauds and ill opportunities to drain ba nk accounts emerge daily; just an example of how we are coming adapt to the cyber world with our eyes wide open. We are losing what it means to be human and the morals that were once instilled. As stated earlier in this paper, this is not a paper of whether technology in our world today is right or wrong. This is a paper proving how our ethical values and use of common knowledge are becoming extinct because we allow computers to think for us. We are losing creativity to think â€Å"outside the box† with our learning becoming more of a mathematical equation than an experience. Relying too much on technology is what will lead to the extinction of man, maybe not of a species, but of an individual, rather than random avitar. Works Cited Schwarz, Gretchen.

The Portrayal of Women in the Odyssey Essays

The Portrayal of Women in the Odyssey Essays The Portrayal of Women in the Odyssey Paper The Portrayal of Women in the Odyssey Paper Essay Topic: The Odyssey Women play an important role in the epic, The Odyssey, written by Homer. Set in a period subsequent to the Trojan War, the accounts of Odysseus and his trials and tribulations feature four main types of women: the goddess, the seductress, the witch and the good wife. Each of these portrays the role of women in a different way, some in complete contrast to the actual civilization of the period. Ancient Greece was very much a patriarchal society. Men were regarded as of higher status than women, and were seen as the stronger gender. Sports were reserved purely for men, as were literature, politics and philosophy. Typically, a woman was judged, not by her own achievements, but by the wealth and status of her father or husband. A woman would be forced to be married at a young age, keep the house for her husband and have children. Usually, ancient Greek women were not educated, although in Athens, women were taught to read, at school or at home, simple facts on mythology, religion and occasionally musical instruments and as with most other places in ancient Greece, they learnt the basics of the household; spinning, weaving, sewing, cooking and other household jobs. The immortal goddesses contrast with the distinctive characteristics of an ancient Greek woman in the Odyssey. Athena, goddess of wisdom, for example, addresses the Gods, including her father, despite the traditions of status. By ignoring these traditions, Athena shows her strength and confidence. It seems she is outspoken, and is more a typical representation of a modern day woman than that of ancient Greece. Throughout the book, Athena shows considerable pity for Odysseus, despite the fact that men were supposedly the stronger gender: she used her persuasion to encourage the gods to reconsider their destiny for him, and set him free from Calypsos island, and she inspired thoughts for Odysseus when he is enduring the wrath of Poseidon on his journey to the island of the Phaeacians. At this point, Athena interrupts Odysseus negative thoughts of being colliding with rough rocks, to give him the idea of holding onto one of the rocks as the waves crashed against them. Not only does she stir notions within Odysseus, but Athena aids him more subtly by promoting thoughts in other people. For example, when Odysseus is washed up on Scherie, Athena appears in Nausicaas dream as one of her friends. She persuades her that she should go and wash her clothes in the river, which is where she first encounters Odysseus, and aids him in his ongoing quest by taking him to her parents for hospitality. The second of woman is the seductress. The Nymph Calypso saves Odysseus when he is washed upon the shore of her island, and keeps him as a sexual prisoner for 7 years, offering immortality in return for him staying with her. She is a perfect example of how women could be powerful against man, yet still be overruled. This is because when she keeps Odysseus captive on Ogygia, Odysseus has no power to do any different. However, it is Zeus final decision that he should be released from her island, and Hermes, messenger to the gods, who tells her. These are both men making her do something she doesnt want to, but she has to obey them, which is a reflection of the ancient Greek traditions. Additionally, Calypso is also seen as the model hostess, offering her guest ambrosia, nectar and clothes. She does this with ease and pleasure, as she even offers Hermes these things before asking why he had come to see her. She is seen to be immoral by sleeping with a married man, yet to simultaneously have good manners, portraying the complexity of women which wasnt recognised in ancient Greek society. Also a seductress, but concurrently a witch, Circe is firstly portrayed as deceitful and cunning. She lures Odysseus men into her house before turning them into pigs. Her trickery shows her to be independent and strong-minded, although she is then proven to be weaker than men when Odysseus arrives. Contrasted against his bravery in Book 10, Circe displays cowardice when confronted by Odysseus after he has eaten the drug of real virtue from Hermes to protect him from the witches black magic. Circe then tries to seduce Odysseus, but he abstains until he can secure an oath between himself and the witch. She, however, shows a complete disregard for men by turning them all into pigs, then putting her own desires before their freedom, and this shows that Circe also possesses completely contradictory characteristics from the ancient Greek women. On the other hand, when Odysseus demonstrates his power by pulling out his sword, Circe collapses to her knees and bursts into tears, proving that it is Odysseus who holds the authority at this point. Daughter of King Alcinous, Nausicaa, is presented as a mature person, as she is unmarried, therefore young, and yet she doesnt run away when she sees Odysseus naked by the river. She instructs her maids to give him clothes, and he responds to this by not hugging her knees and begging for help, like he first thought of doing. This shows that Nausicaa is well-respected. She also cares about her image as a virtuous woman, because when Odysseus travels to the palace with her, he has to walk behind her, so that people didnt think they were together. Also, when Nausicaa takes Odysseus to meet her parents so that he can receive help from them, she insists he meet her mother first as opposed to her father. This demonstrates her respect for her mother, and her understanding of the way in which the system should work, but the knowledge of how it actually does. Finally, the good hostess and wife are portrayed by Penelope. Even after 20 years, she has stayed loyal to Odysseus by stalling the suitors. This is also quite devious, as she leads them into thinking that once she finishes her weaving, shell marry one of them, except every night she undoes all that she achieved that day. This is the side of her which seems unlike that of the women of ancient Greece. However, parallel to the ancient Greek traditions of statuses between genders, Penelope is reprimanded by her own son. She is told to go to her room and stop making decisions because that was his concern as he was the man of t he house. Without any confrontation, she resigned as returned to her room. This shows that Penelope is contrasted with the other women portrayed in The Odyssey, because she is comparable to the ancient Greek society, whereas Athena, Calypso, Circe and Nausicaa are dissimilar. In conclusion, women in The Odysseus are mostly portrayed as strong-willed and open-minded people with their own thoughts and opinions. Although some are immortal, and supposedly free of human emotion, they feel loss, anger and fear, and can make love to mortal men. Their strength of character is displayed with their ability and willingness to differentiate from the periodic stereotypes of women, although in the end, they almost always surrender to the ancient Greek patriarchal culture. If these charcters were to be placed in the ancient Greek society, I think that they would be discarded from the civilization, except for Penelope who would integrate into the culture with her conceded attitude towards the men around her.

Make Sure Your Website Gets an F

Make Sure Your Website Gets an F Make Sure Your Website Gets an F Make Sure Your Website Gets an F By Mark Nichol Do you have your own blog or Web site, or are you responsible for the site of another individual or an organization or company? If so, remember that the medium is (also) the message how the information is presented affects how it is received. So, to help site visitors engage with your content, consider the F not the letter f, but the online-design principle of the F-shaped pattern. One way people who study engagement with online content measure that engagement is by eye tracking: observing the eye movements of test subjects as they navigate within and between pages on a Web site. Research results have shown that most site visitors scan Web sites with eye movements roughly corresponding to the F shape. Because Western culture is, well, acculturated to engaging in text-based visual stimuli from the top left of a piece of content, Web designers have learned to put the most important visual information in that position on a Web page. (Quick what do you see at the top left of this page? That’s right, the logo form of the site name its brand.) And because readers of English (and all other Indo-European languages) read from left to right, it is natural for our eyes to move to the right from our first point of reference. That means that usually, our first eye-tracking movement is a line like the top horizontal line in the uppercase version of the letter f. Then, accustomed as we are to return to the left margin of a page, we backtrack horizontally or return diagonally to that location (as opposed to reading boustrophedon, or in a zigzag pattern). At this point, we skim from left to right again, as if forming with the movement of our eyes the letter f’s second horizontal element. A snapshot of an eye-tracking study (which often employs heat-mapping technology and connect-the-dots lines to record the ocular oscillations) may show multiple horizontal sweeps, but these lines generally extend less and less as the eyes travel downward, and a vertical line along or near the left margin of the page is also an almost invariable artifact of such studies, demonstrating that many site visitors scan down the page at about the same short distance from the margin. Variations occur, of course, especially when the page designer incorporates an arresting textual or illustrative element elsewhere on the page, but the F shape is the default setting for displaying written content online. (This pattern doesn’t necessarily apply when the home page features a block of text, but it’s typical on home pages dominated by a table of contents or a directory.) The take-away: As you’ll see from studying this site and many others, the F-shaped presentation of content is a pervasive and persuasive scheme of organization. There’s more to it than that, of course and I’ll share more tips in subsequent posts but this outline starts not with a, but with f. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, WhetherLatin Words and Expressions: All You Need to KnowHow to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Telecommunications companies' risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Telecommunications companies' risks - Essay Example For a small business operating in a localized market, it is very easy to serve the market adequately, due to limited administration and maintenance costs for the networks. As the ventures increase size, and the market spreads geographically, the company should sustain operations in the risky global market by focusing on the cost effective technologies such as virtual private networks. Unprecedented growth is a key challenge that managers need to grapple with because it determines the strategic direction of a firm and as the pressure to remain competitive, they have to offer good services to the end user. There is paradigm shift where important functions such as finance, research and development, marketing and administration, becomes very demanding with growing market and hence the need for innovative strategies. Global strategy should be in line with the overall business strategy of the organization in order to avert risks that may arise. To a telecommunications firm the focus should be geared towards selecting the best strategy, and perhaps going own way is the only sure way to respond to opportunities or threats. As the firm increase market share and get up in the growth curve there is ever-growing demand for reliable services in order to take cultivate of business relationships, and exploit them to full. The firm needs to create their own telecommunication backbone infrastructure to avoid hassle of having to rely on unreliable companies. As for the case of, Metric Machine Parts and Supplies Corp, the number of customers is increasing rapidly. Numbers of catalogue orders is increasing, and hence the need for better distribution systems. The service to the end-users is overwhelmed and the trend is likely to continue. The management is in dilemma as to, search for another contractor to build and maintain the network, or create own infrastructure. The board is categorical that want to reduce costs. The chief information officer has recommended virtual private ne tworks, and that is likely to solve the business needs for the company. Nevertheless, there are challenges and risks accompanying this strategic move. Building own network infrastructure, not only lowers the costs but also increase service delivery. VPN can solve practical business problems by incorporating seamless technologies that allows experts, knowledge workers across various points to collaborate. The system promotes innovative arrangements such as outsourcing and telecommuting across the various branches, and can go a long way in forging linkages with business partners for proper management of the supply chain. As a network provider, Metric Machine Parts and Supplies Corp is likely to operate in a rapidly changing environment mainly due to digital convergence of wireless networks, for example, WIMAX and GSM mobile communications into 4th generation or LTE. The choices of systems for implementation of VPN to office, branches must be well commensurate with existing standards a nd practices. There are many options that the company can use, with numerous technology platforms existing. Each vendor proposed as set of solutions, and it is upon the company to choose what suits their business context. The technology infrastructure choice for data and communications should ensure that applications for the company are usable; these applications may include voice, video conferencing as well as collaboration tools. Executives have to reduce cost and have system flexibility, scalability, and increase productivity of information technology professionals that supervise the deployment. The range of applications of the internet can be of poor quality compared to the internet capability and

Development & failure of Supranational institution and their influence Essay

Development & failure of Supranational institution and their influence on Economic Integration of Europe since World War II - Essay Example The rulings of the court have direct effect and supremacy within national judicial systems, even though these doctrines were never explicitly endorsed in any treaty. Treaty of Rome served as a backbone to all other established treaties and theories. The European Act and the Maastricht Treaty have provided for majority, but not unanimous, voting in some issue areas. It is due to the liberalism of Neofunctionalism and Intergovernmentalism theories, which has resulted in the accomplishment of EU. In one sense, the European Union is a product of state sovereignty because it has been created through voluntary agreements among its member states. But, in another sense, it fundamentally contradicts conventional understandings of sovereignty because these same agreements have undermined the juridical autonomy of its individual members. (Stephen D. Krasner) Sovereignty is the central organizing principle of the economic system either applied directly or indirectly, it is taken to mean the possession of absolute authority within a bounded territorial space. Until World War II (WWII), much of the international law was designed to reinforce sovereignty. However just after WWII much of the non-Western world had gained their independence in the decades by setting up a scenario in which many of the new states were not fully sovereign but later they gained recognition as sovereign states, by joining intergovernmental organizations (Eric Brahm). The European Union stands out as the most advanced example of a global economy followed by sovereignty, which is marked by unprecedented levels of economic interpenetration. The initial treaties relating the coal and steel sectors bounded a small group of six European nation states devastated by WWII, later expanded in the landmark Treaty of Rome was signed in 1957, to incorporate all sectors of the ec onomy. Despite of all remarkable supra-national dimensions, European Union has not so much undermined member state sovereignty, as reinforced it by enabling a far greater degree of collective national control over the economy. (Jens Beckert) Today many organizations are state-based seeking to carve out additional authority for them and finding functional benefits in ceding authority to supranational organizations. (Eric Brahm) Schuman Plan Treaty of Paris, 1951 The Schuman Plan, created a supranational agency to manage aspects of national coal and steel policy, such as levels of production and prices. It was agreed that the six countries that signed the Treaty of Paris that were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany, would pool its coal and steel resources. (Schuman) Member nations of ECSC pledged to pool their coal and steel resources by providing a unified market for their coal and steel products, lifting restrictions on imports and exports, and creating a unified labor market. Economically, the Coal and Steel Community achieved early success; between 1952 and 1960 iron and steel production rose by 75% in the ECSC nations, and industrial production rose 58%. When

The last days of dogtown by Anita Diamant Essay Example for Free

The last days of dogtown by Anita Diamant Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The last days of dogtown is a novel written by Anita Diamant. The purpose of the novel is to express the level of morality of life in the American society during the 19th century. The author reveals life in the 19th century as sad but at the same time thoughtful. The last days of dogtown is a community set in an exotic landscape with a group of different and surprising characters. These characters are depicted as residents who are threatened or damaged by the ill wills of the outside world. Diamant portrays life in dogtown as cruel expressed through poverty and witchcraft. Residents in the last days of dogtown are oppressed by ignorance, poverty, illness and racial inequality. It is set in a dying town in Massachusetts during the 19th century. (Diamant Anita 52)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dogtown was a name associated with a roaming pack of wild dogs. The wild dogs roamed above the hills of a dying town in Massachusetts. The author portrays dogtown as a refuge place from cruelty and tragedies in the world. However, the decline of morality in dogtown presents other small tragedies which are set off by the residents. Dogtown which acts as a refuge from cruelty in the world presents a settlement space in which residents can live without being damaged or threaten. However dogtown does not fulfill its role since it is portrayed as an open prison where residents are faced by prejudice and other negative influences of the outside world. (Rossi, Mark, Howard 75). The roaming pace of dogs is used to illustrate the large number of people spreading rumor around the town about their townspeople. The spread rumours of presence of witches and whores in the town. Although the rumours are of factual their volume increases when more tongues wag around the town. Residents in this town have made it their business to express the most well hidden secrets of their town’s people. Diamant introduces the character in dogtown in a very confusing manner, creating complex relationships among them. These relationships are tested by the ill wills of the American society. The women in this society are presented as witches, whores or with weird behaviors. The man is depicted as brutal and cruel who shows no respect for the women. All the residents in dogtown have suffered different misfortunes from the brutal society. For example, the thwarted love of a free African woman by a local racist. Dog town’s poverty and misfortune pushes them into different destines. Slavery, alcoholism, poverty, sexuality, prostitution and racial tension have been used to create an immoral American society, in which residents are faced with brutal and cruel misfortunes. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors major conclusion is that she expresses the possibility of loving even in the most brutal and cruel conditions. In this town, residents behave like a pack of wild dogs, by huddling together with a dedication to survive and live with hope. By coming together, they search for warmth and safety. Although comfort and kindness are hard to find, these people huddle together and are to survive. The author shows the great immorality depicted in the American society during the 19th century expressed in form of alcoholism, poverty, prostitution, racism, sexuality and canine behavior. The author tries to show that people can come together and outcome even the cruelest conditions in the world. The possibility of creating love in such an environment can create harmony by demonstrating kindness and affection. (Diamant Anita 107). Works Cited Diamant Anita. The last days of Dogtown. Simon Schuster, 2006. Diamant Anita. The Red tent: A novel: Tenth-Anniversary Edition. Picador, 2007 Rossi, Peter H, Mark W. Lipsey, Howard E. Freeman. Evaluation: Systematic approach, sage, 2004.

gas prices :: essays research papers

Your paycheck is buying less for several reasons. For starters, if you plan on going to the gas station these days you better bring along the checkbook. Gas prices have been on the rise since it bottomed out back in May of last year when we were only paying $0.64 a gallon compared to today’s $1.54.9 per gallon. So that raise you received, just throw it right out the window because it is not doing anything for you now. Not only can you not drive anywhere, but flying is more expensive these days too. My theory is, that the oil companies are preparing for the mass amounts of money they are going to lose in the future, because oil will soon be exhausted from our mother earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we arrived, we were surprised at the wedding being quite traditional. The church, set in the back of their small community. Followed by the reception, which took place at a hall near by. Not like the previous wedding I went too, which was outside right along Lake Michigan, and the reception took place inside the mansion that stood near by. But I guess some people like to be traditionalists and that will do the job as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before a player can be considered â€Å" Most Valuable† in his or her league, some basic areas are to be considered. Did that player lead the league in goals, points per game, home runs, or any major category that would lead his team, if not the league? Was that person on a winning team, or was he the triple crown winner, which is having hit the most homeruns, R.B.I.’s, and base hits. These are all things to consider when choosing an MVP. Since there are so many great athletes these days picking an MVP can be quite difficult, and that is why they look at so many different areas of the game to choose the â€Å"Most Valuable Player†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Home† is not an easy term to define. Most of us being community college students, look at it as being a place for comfort and familiarity. gas prices :: essays research papers Your paycheck is buying less for several reasons. For starters, if you plan on going to the gas station these days you better bring along the checkbook. Gas prices have been on the rise since it bottomed out back in May of last year when we were only paying $0.64 a gallon compared to today’s $1.54.9 per gallon. So that raise you received, just throw it right out the window because it is not doing anything for you now. Not only can you not drive anywhere, but flying is more expensive these days too. My theory is, that the oil companies are preparing for the mass amounts of money they are going to lose in the future, because oil will soon be exhausted from our mother earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we arrived, we were surprised at the wedding being quite traditional. The church, set in the back of their small community. Followed by the reception, which took place at a hall near by. Not like the previous wedding I went too, which was outside right along Lake Michigan, and the reception took place inside the mansion that stood near by. But I guess some people like to be traditionalists and that will do the job as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before a player can be considered â€Å" Most Valuable† in his or her league, some basic areas are to be considered. Did that player lead the league in goals, points per game, home runs, or any major category that would lead his team, if not the league? Was that person on a winning team, or was he the triple crown winner, which is having hit the most homeruns, R.B.I.’s, and base hits. These are all things to consider when choosing an MVP. Since there are so many great athletes these days picking an MVP can be quite difficult, and that is why they look at so many different areas of the game to choose the â€Å"Most Valuable Player†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Home† is not an easy term to define. Most of us being community college students, look at it as being a place for comfort and familiarity.

Margin Review Questions Essay

†¢ If they had continued, Chinese maritime voyages could have had a profound impact on the course of world history. China was the richest, most prosperous, and most technologically advanced civilization in the world at that time, and it would be reasonable to think that, if the Chinese had aggressively competed with their European counterparts, they likely would have prevailed as the preeminent maritime power in the world. This would have had profound implications for the course of world history, most likely limiting the influence of Western Europe and of Christianity on other regions of the globe and increasing Chinese cultural, economic, and political influences beyond East Asia. †¢ The usefulness of counterfactual questions is debatable. They do allow one both to highlight the role of contingency in the course of human history and to highlight the difficulty of predicting the future because of contingency. Moreover, counterfactual questions go beyond mere speculation, because they encourage students to think of what was possible in light of known historical facts. Thus a good â€Å"what if† question can help scholars think their way into historical reality and to hone their analytical skills. Still, no one can fully predict what the consequences of a change in events would have been, and in any case, the reality of the situation as it happened is the subject of history. 2. †¢ This chapter organizes societies in two ways. First, it organizes them into Paleolithic peoples, agricultural village societies, herding peoples, and established civilizations and empires. It then organizes those civilizations by region. †¢ There are other alternatives, including organization by cultural region— Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Mesoamerican, and Christian. Another possibility would have been organization through webs of connections, starting with a single society and radiating out to an exploration of its nearer and more distant contacts. 3. †¢ Several changes would undoubtedly have surprised a knowledgeable observer, including the emergence of Islam; †¢ the revival of China and Western Europe; †¢ the collapse of the Byzantine Empire; †¢ the emergence of Russia and the spread of Christianity into that region; †¢ the emergence of states in Southeast Asia; †¢ the emergence of Japan; †¢ the emergence of powerful empires in West Africa. †¢ However, some features would still be recognizable, such as the persistence of Paleolithic, agricultural village, and herding societies; †¢ the continuance, albeit at a more intense rate, of long-distance commerce and exchange; †¢ the persistence of broad cultural traditions, especially in the Mesoamerican, Andean, Chinese, European, and Indian civilizations. 4. †¢ A global traveler of the fifteenth century might have predicted that Islam, Buddhism, and perhaps Christianity would continue to spread; †¢ that the established cultural regions of China, India, the Islamic world, Christian Europe, the Andes, and Mesoamerica would continue to develop and expand; †¢ that long-distance commerce and exchange would continue to have an important impact on the development of civilizations; †¢ that empires would continue to have a growing influence on world history; †¢ that the regions occupied by Paleolithic, agricultural village, and herding societies would continue to shrink. †¢ Precisely when these predictions were made would make a difference. Before 1492, the huge impact of Western European influence on the Americas would have been difficult to predict. †¢ Before 1433, the relatively modest impact of Chinese overseas exploration would have been difficult to predict. 5. †¢ The gathering and hunting people of the northwest coast of North America possessed permanent village settlements with large and sturdy houses, considerable economic specialization, ranked societies that sometimes included slavery, chiefdoms dominated by powerful clan leaders, and extensive storage of food; none of those features were part of Australian gathering and hunting societies. 6. †¢ In West Africa, three distinct patterns of political development were taking shape among agricultural village societies, with the Yoruba people creating city-states; the kingdom of Benin taking shape as a small, highly centralized territorial state; and the Igbo peoples relying on other  institutions—title societies, women’s associations, hereditary ritual experts serving as mediators, a balance of power among kinship groups—to maintain social cohesion beyond the level of the village. †¢ In addition, the Yoruba, Bini, and Igbo peoples traded actively among themselves as well as with more distant peoples and changed from a matrilineal to a patrilineal system of tracing their descent. †¢ In the Americas, in what is now central New York State, an increased level of conflict among Iroquois peoples triggered a remarkable political innovation—a loose alliance or confederation among five Iroquois peoples based on an agreement known as the Great Law of Peace. The Iroquois League of Five Nations kept peace, adjudicated disputes, and operated by consensus. It also gave expression to values of limited government, social equality, and personal freedom. †¢ The Iroquois developed a system that gave women unusual authority. Descent was matrilineal, married couples lived with the wife’s family, and women controlled agriculture. While men were hunters, warriors, and the primary political officeholders, women selected and could depose those leaders. 7. †¢ In Central Asia, the Turkic warlord Timur constructed a significant empire that retained control of the area between Persia and Afghanistan during the fifteenth century. †¢ Timur’s conquests, however, hid a more long-term change for the pastoral peoples of Central Asia, because his was the last great military success of nomadic peoples from Central Asia; in the centuries that followed, their homelands were swallowed up in the expanding Russian and Chinese empires. †¢ In West Africa, pastoral peoples retained their independence into the late nineteenth century. †¢ Groups like the Fulbe, West Africa’s largest pastoral society, generally lived in small communities among agricultural peoples; †¢ as they migrated gradually eastward after 1000 C.E., they maintained their distinctive way of life and a sense of cultural superiority that became more pronounced as they slowly adopted Islam. †¢ Some Fulbe dropped out of a pastoral life and settled in towns, where they became highly respected religious leaders. †¢ In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Fulbe were at the center of a wave of religiously based uprisings (jihads) that greatly expanded the practice of Islam and gave rise to a series of new states ruled by the Fulbe. 8. †¢ Under the Ming dynasty, China recovered from the disruption caused by Mongol rule and the ravages of the plague to become perhaps the best-governed and most prosperous of the world’s major civilizations; †¢ it also undertook the largest and most impressive maritime expeditions the world had ever seen. 9. †¢ Political consolidation occurred in both China and Western Europe, but in China this meant a unitary and centralized government that encompassed almost the whole of its civilization, while in Europe a decidedly fragmented system of many separate, independent, and competitive states made for a sharply divided Christendom. †¢ While both experienced cultural flowering, Europe’s culture after the Renaissance was rather more different from its own recent past than Ming dynasty China was from its pre-Mongol glory. †¢ While both sent out ships to explore the wider world, their purposes in doing so were very different. 10. †¢ Chinese exploration was undertaken by an enormous fleet composed of several hundred large ships, while European explorations were undertaken by expeditions made up of a handful of small ships. †¢ European motivations for exploration included the desire for wealth from trade, the search for converts to Christianity, and the recruitment of possible Christian allies against the Muslim powers. China, by contrast, needed no military allies, required little in the way of trade, and had no desire to convert foreigners to Chinese culture or religion. †¢ The Europeans sought to monopolize by force the commerce of the Indian Ocean and violently carved out empires in the Americas; the Chinese fleet sought neither conquests nor colonies. †¢ China ended its voyages abruptly after 1433; the European explorations continued and even escalated. †¢ In terms of why China’s explorations were so different from their European counterparts, the fragmentation of political authority in Europe, unlike China’s unified empire, ensured that once begun, rivalry alone would drive Europeans to the end of the earth. †¢ Much of Europe’s elite, including merchants, monarchs, the clergy, and nobles, had an interest in overseas expansion; in China, by contrast, the emperor Yongle was the primary supporter of the Chinese voyages of exploration, and after he passed from the scene, those opposed to the  voyages prevailed within the politics of the court. †¢ The Chinese were very much aware of their own antiquity, believed strongly in the absolute superiority of their culture, and felt that, if they needed something from abroad, others would bring it to them. The Europeans also believed themselves unique; however, in material terms, they were seeking out the greater riches of the East, and they were highly conscious that Muslim power blocked easy access to these treasures and posed a military and religious threat to Europe itself. 11. †¢ The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires had Turkic origins, while the Songhay Empire did not. †¢ The Ottoman and Safavid empires ruled over the heartland of the Muslim world, where a majority of their subjects followed Islam; the Mughal and Songhay empires ruled over regions where Islam was a minority faith. †¢ The rulers of the Safavid Empire were the only ones to impose a Shia version of Islam as the official religion of the state. 12. †¢ The Inca Empire was much larger than its Aztec counterpart. †¢ The Aztec Empire controlled only part of the Mesoamerican cultural region, while at its height the Inca state encompassed practically the whole of the Andean civilization. †¢ In the Aztec realm, the Mexica rulers largely left their conquered people alone, and no elaborate administrative system arose to integrate the conquered territories or to assimilate their people to Aztec culture. The Incas, on the other hand, erected a more bureaucratic empire. †¢ The Aztec Empire extracted substantial tribute in the form of goods from its subject populations, while the Incas primarily extracted labor services from their subjects. †¢ The Aztec Empire had a system of commercial exchange that was based on merchants and free markets, whereas the Inca government played a major role in both the production and distribution of goods. †¢ The authority of the state penetrated and directed the Incas’ society and economy far more than did that of the Aztecs. 13. †¢ The ideology of state that gave human sacrifice great religious importance shaped the techniques of Aztec warfare, which put a premium on capturing prisoners rather than on killing the enemy. †¢ Priests and rulers became interdependent, with human sacrifices carried out for  political ends. †¢ Massive sacrificial rituals served to impress enemies, allies, and subjects alike with the immense power of the Aztecs and their gods. 14. †¢ The emperor was an absolute ruler and was regarded as divine.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ In theory, the state owned all land and resources.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Subjects were organized, at least in the central regions of the empire, into hierarchical units of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, and 10,000 people, each headed by local officials, who were supervised by an Inca governor or by the emperor. †¢ An imperial office of â€Å"inspectors† checked on provincial authorities. †¢ Births, deaths, marriages, and other population data were carefully recorded. †¢ A resettlement program moved one-quarter or more of the population to new locations. †¢ Leaders of conquered peoples were required to learn Quechua, and their sons were removed to the capital of Cuzco for instruction in Inca culture and language. †¢ Subject peoples were required to acknowledge major Inca deities, although once they did so, they were largely free to carry on their own religious traditions. †¢ The Inca Empire played a major role in the production and distribution of goods. 15. †¢ They interacted through webs of empire, large-scale political systems that brought together a variety of culturally different peoples; †¢ through webs of religion that linked far-flung peoples; †¢ and through long-established patterns of trade among peoples occupying different environments and producing different goods.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Case Study and Research Samaritan L. Carlo Suffolk County Community College SYS 213, Exceptional Child Able Keller is an English-speaking and physically healthy four-year-old boy. He lives with his mother and eighteen-year-old sister, and attends preschool during the week. Babel's mother works seven days a week and he is supervised on the weekends by a nanny. His current nanny began working for the family fairly recently; the two nannies prior to her both worked for less than two months before quitting.Babel's parents have been divorced for two years. His mother is his primary care-giver and is father sees him infrequently. Lately, Babel's mother and preschool teacher have been unable to cope with his disruptive and distressing behaviors. Babel's teacher estimates that his disruptive behaviors began at the beginning of the school year, which was approximately eight months ago; his mother says that the behaviors began roughly one year ago and have been i ncreasing in severity and frequency since then.Babel's sister has also voiced concerns regarding her brother's spiteful actions towards her due to the strain his recent behaviors have put on their relationship (PAP, 2013). Babel's mother reports that Able cannot go more than two days without becoming extremely irritated with necessary daily tasks. Once, Babel's mother requested that he go wash his hands before dinner. Able became irrationally frustrated, blatantly refused to wash his hands, and began lashing out in a manner which she describes as â€Å"one of his tantrums. Babel's mother also describes an instance in which their last nanny was on the receiving end of Babel's disruptive behavior. The nanny took away Babel's toy at his refusal to brush his teeth and get ready for bed, and later found her toothbrush in the toilet boil. After further acts of blatant defiance by Able, the nanny resigned and Babel's mother was forced to find a new nanny. Able exhibited a similar behavior towards his sister when she asked him if he could grab her a pencil for her homework. Able was instantly irritated at this request and yelled â€Å"Don't tell me what to do! He then proceeded to rip up her homework and run to his room. According to his mother, destruction of property in such an aggressive manner has been very infrequent in Babel's behavior. However, his spitefulness resulted in the loss of a nanny and his sister's increasing emotional sisters that her â€Å"sweet baby brother† has taken on such a resentful attitude towards her (PAP, 2013). Babel's preschool teacher told his mother that his behavior will no longer be tolerated and recommended that he be assessed. His teacher explains his behaviors in class as â€Å"defiant and disruptive. Almost daily, he actively ignores class rules, such as not talking during reading time, and becomes even more defiant when his violations are addressed by the teacher. His teacher has paused class multiple times to stop hi m from distracting either the whole class or individual students. She ports that the most troublesome aspects of Babel's behavior are the frequency of the disruptions and his responses to being reprimanded. Once, when a classmate went to the teacher after Able ignored her plea that he stop poking her arm, Able became outwardly more motivated to continue poking her relentlessly.When his teacher explained why his behavior is unacceptable, Able accused the classmate that he had been poking of initiating the incident and provoking him by being â€Å"annoying. † Babel's teacher reports that he has yet to accept blame or responsibility for any of his misdoings and that he is often ostracizes by his peers. Classmates have called him â€Å"annoying† and † a tattle-tale. † Teachers discourage this taunting behavior, but the discrimination has led to further emotional distress within Able which has been exhibited by more frequent moods of frustration and irritability at home (PAP, 2013).Babel's behavior has been extremely distressing at home and in school over a duration of at least eight months, but has not presented a problem elsewhere thus far. His teacher has felt stress due to her inability to get him to obey rules, a lack of time to address his disruptions, and phone calls from parents whose children claim to have en harassed in some way by Able. His sister has become distraught over his behavior and his mother has been put under enormous pressure to maintain a trustworthy and reliable nanny.Due to the duration of his irritable, defiant, and occasionally vindictive behaviors, which have occurred at home and at school, have had negative consequences in his academic, social, and emotional functioning, and have caused distress for several people in his life, Able has been diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder of a moderate severity. Babel's defiant, argumentative, ND vindictive symptoms put him at risk for developing Conduct Disorder, and his increasing emotional distress due to peer issues at school increases his risk of developing an emotional disorder (PAP, 2013).Recent research of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by the emergence of two themes: developmental precursors to the disorder and the dimension of irritability. The study of precursors to ODD are discussed by Tinfoil and Malta (2013) in their research study which examines the relations between interpretative understanding, moral emotional attribution, and sympathy with the ability to predict ODD symptoms.Burke, Babylon, Rowe, Duke, Steep, Hippies, and Walden (2014) discuss varying dimensionality models of ODD, the identification of irritability by certain symptoms, and the implications of the results for further research on ODD. Tinfoil and Malta (2013) suggest that the limited success of current ODD treatments may be attributed to the lack of empirical research on the disorder's developmental antecedents. Their research responds t o this insufficiency by assessing supposed key components in the genesis of antisocial behaviors: social-cognitive development and moral emotions (Tinfoil & Malt', 2013).The study analyzes a sample of 128 four- and eight-year-old children with ODD and investigates the links between the symptoms of ODD and interpretative understanding, or theory of mind skills, in children (Tinfoil & Malt', 2013). The research of Tinfoil and Malta (2013) also analyzes ODD symptoms in relation to sympathy and moral emotion attribution (MEA), and examines the mediating role that each of these may have on each others' development. The participants of the study include 128 English-speaking children and one caregiver each parent assessments (Tinfoil & Malta, 2013).The only exclusion criterion is a hill with autism spectrum disorder, and the ethnicities of the participants vary (Tinfoil & Malt', 2013). Symptoms of ODD in the children are rated by caregivers using ADSM-oriented scales, interpretive understa nding ratings are obtained by professionals using the Landed and Chandler's puppet activity, sympathy is measured by caregiver and child self-reports, and MEA is evaluated using each child's negative or positive responses to the presentation of hypothetical vignettes of varying lapses in morality (Tinfoil & Malt', 2013).The procedure of the research study involved each child and their caregiver attending one session at the research ABA, the parent providing written consent and the child providing oral agreement, and the child being interviewed for a duration of approximately forty-five minutes by psychology undergraduate students (Tinfoil & Malta, 2013). The caregiver for each child filled out the symptom questionnaires outside of the interview room during the process (Tinfoil & Malta, 2013). Tinfoil and Malta (2013) find that interpretive understanding, sympathy, and MEA all influence ODD symptoms.Ratings of child sympathy by the caregivers play a mediating role on the effect of in terpretive understanding on ODD symptoms, and MEA strength significantly influences interpretative understanding in the domain of rule violation (Tinfoil & Malt', 2013). The research of Tinfoil and Malta (2013) indicates the necessity of further research on social-cognitive and affective-moral factors that could potentially precede ODD and help with early prediction, and highlights a possible origin of the rule-violating behavior so prevalent in Babel's case as a deficit in MEA.Recent research on ODD also focuses on the importance of irritability and on reaching a consensus regarding which symptoms best identify irritability (Burke et al. , 2014). Burke et al. (2014) introduces the study by explaining how existing data purports that symptoms of ODD represent a unidirectional assembly and are distinct from those of other disorders. Recently, studies have found conflicting evidence regarding the dimensions ODD symptoms are categorized by, which questions the reliability of assessment using the existing ODD model (Burke et al. 2014). Also, inconsistencies exist concerning which symptoms of ODD comprise which dimensions (Burke et al. , 2014). Burke et al. (2014) suggests that a factor model of the disorder may help solve these conflicts surrounding the concept of diagnostic irritability. The study tests single and multi- dimensional models of ODD including factor and competing models, analyzes various elements of measurement within symptoms, and aims to identify the extent to which specific dimensions relate to each other and general ODD symptoms (Burke et al. 2014). The study also attempts to determine if there is a distinguishing dimension of irritability within ODD, if one model of ODD is superior to all other models, and if there is an additional general dimension of ODD (Burke et al. , 2014). ODD symptom data of five community samples of five- to eighteen-year-old boys and arils is evaluated by Burke et. Al (2014) using assorted measurement scales and care- g iver reports.Methods of assessing symptom presence, frequency, and severity are the Revised Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Parent Version, Child Symptom Inventory-4, Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Scale, Developmental and Well-Being Assessment, and Emory Diagnostic Rating Scale (Burke et al. , 2014). The data is analyzed using five models of ODD dimensionality and two models of irritability, which identify irritability as either touchy, angry, and spiteful, or touchy, angry, and frequent loss of temper (Burke et al. 2014). Burke el al. (2014) concludes that the best model for symptoms of ODD is a general factor model in which irritability and oppositional behavior factors exist alongside a general ODD factor, and in which irritability and oppositional behaviors significantly correlate with each other (Burke et al. , 2014). This model is consistently better across multiple samples and is made up of eight general ODD items, each correlated with either an irritabilit y or an oppositional behavioral dimension (Burke et. Al, 2014).The irritability mission includes temper, touchiness, and anger; the oppositional behavior dimension includes argumentativeness, defiance, annoyance, balefulness, and spitefulness (Burke et. Al, 2014). Burke et. Al (2014) also finds that irritability is most accurately characterized by touchiness, anger, and temper loss. The implications of the results are the emergence of strong evidence for a multidimensionality within ODD, and support for an identification of irritability characterized by loss of temper, touchiness, and anger (Burke et al. , 2014).Although the research is unable to answer attention questions regarding the existence of a third dimension, the initial questions are addressed concerning the underlying structure of symptom dimensions and provide evidence for a superior set of characteristics of irritability (Burke et al. , 2014). Lastly, Burke et al. (2014) addresses that possible limitations in the study were due to the variability of the questionnaires, the variability of the scaling systems, and the different research structure for boys and girls in the samples. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013).Section II: Disruptive, impulse-control, and induct disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th De. ). New York: PAP Press. Burke, J. D. , Babylon, K. , Rowe, R. , Duke, E. , Steep, S. D. , Hippies, A. E. , & Walden, l. D. (2014). Identifying the irritability dimension of ODD: Application of a modified factor model across five large community samples of children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1-11. Tinfoil, M. & Malt', T. (2013). Interpretive understanding, sympathy, and moral emotion attribution in oppositional defiant disorder symptomatically. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44, 633-645.

Free Essays on Hamlets Madness

The â€Å"Big Bang† at the Hippodrome State Theatre in Downtown Gainesville, Florida is the opening play of the season. It went off with out a hitch and was raved about by a couple of friends of mine who told my girlfriend and me that we needed to attend it; so we did. â€Å"The Hippodrome State Theatre is North Florida's only professional regional theatre. Celebrating its 30th year of artistic excellence, the Hippodrome is designated as a Cultural Institution and a State Theatre of Florida† (Hippodrome website). The audience that I shared the pleasure of attending this outrageously funny version of history telling was a very diverse group. I saw people there of all ages, shapes, sizes, colors, and of course sexes. Being that it is a College town there is always going to be more people from the age bracket of 18 – 25 at an event like this. Some events this may not be the case, but in the case of a comedic play down town this is approximately normal. It is a story of history, a recreation play of all the major events in history. It has a very comedic view of how the world has lived and evolved over the centuries all the way up to what we know as today. The play begins with the two off Broadway creators, â€Å"Jed† and â€Å"Boyd†. These men are in the borrowed Park Avenue penthouse of Mrs. Sidney Lipbalm to perform their new creation, an epic musical that spans the history of the world from the Big Bang to the present, for potential backers. Their play is budgeted for $83.5 million with a cast of 318 performers and 6,428 costumes. The average running time is 12 hours. Lucky for the backers, the people in the audience, the creators will only be performing â€Å"highlights† of the impending extravaganza. The two creators accompanied by a third actor on the piano perform eighteen side splitting musical numbers, singing, dancing, narrating, and portraying every major figure in world and pop history from Adam and Eve, Attila the Hun, J... Free Essays on Hamlets Madness Free Essays on Hamlets Madness The â€Å"Big Bang† at the Hippodrome State Theatre in Downtown Gainesville, Florida is the opening play of the season. It went off with out a hitch and was raved about by a couple of friends of mine who told my girlfriend and me that we needed to attend it; so we did. â€Å"The Hippodrome State Theatre is North Florida's only professional regional theatre. Celebrating its 30th year of artistic excellence, the Hippodrome is designated as a Cultural Institution and a State Theatre of Florida† (Hippodrome website). The audience that I shared the pleasure of attending this outrageously funny version of history telling was a very diverse group. I saw people there of all ages, shapes, sizes, colors, and of course sexes. Being that it is a College town there is always going to be more people from the age bracket of 18 – 25 at an event like this. Some events this may not be the case, but in the case of a comedic play down town this is approximately normal. It is a story of history, a recreation play of all the major events in history. It has a very comedic view of how the world has lived and evolved over the centuries all the way up to what we know as today. The play begins with the two off Broadway creators, â€Å"Jed† and â€Å"Boyd†. These men are in the borrowed Park Avenue penthouse of Mrs. Sidney Lipbalm to perform their new creation, an epic musical that spans the history of the world from the Big Bang to the present, for potential backers. Their play is budgeted for $83.5 million with a cast of 318 performers and 6,428 costumes. The average running time is 12 hours. Lucky for the backers, the people in the audience, the creators will only be performing â€Å"highlights† of the impending extravaganza. The two creators accompanied by a third actor on the piano perform eighteen side splitting musical numbers, singing, dancing, narrating, and portraying every major figure in world and pop history from Adam and Eve, Attila the Hun, J...

Mass Extinction

Mass Extinction Definition: The term extinction is a familiar concept to most people. It is defined as the complete disappearance of a species when the last of its individuals dies off. Usually, complete extinction of a species takes very long amounts of time and does not happen all at once. However, on a few notable occasions throughout Geologic Time, there have been mass extinctions that totally wiped out the majority of species living during that time period. Every major Era on the Geologic Time Scale ends with a mass extinction. Mass extinctions lead to an increase in the rate of evolution. The few species that manage to survive after a mass extinction event have less competition for food, shelter, and sometimes even mates if they are one of the last individuals of their species still alive. Access to this surplus of resources to meet basic needs can increase breeding and more offspring will survive to pass their genes down to the next generation. Natural selection then can go to work deciding which of those adaptations are favorable and which are outdated. Probably the most recognized mass extinction in the history of the Earth is called the K-T Extinction. This mass extinction event happened between the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era and the Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era. This was the mass extinction that took out the dinosaurs. No one is completely sure how the mass extinction happened, but it is thought to be either meteor strikes or an increase in volcanic activity that blocked out the suns rays from reaching the Earth, thus killing the food sources of the dinosaurs and many other species of that time. Small mammals managed to survive by burrowing deep underground and storing food. As a result, mammals became the dominant species in the Cenozoic Era. The largest mass extinction happened at the end of the Paleozoic Era. The Permian-Triassic mass extinction event saw about 96% of marine life go extinct, along with 70% of terrestrial life. Even insects werent immune to this mass extinction event like many of the others in history. Scientists believe this mass extinction event actually happened in three waves and were caused by a combination of natural disasters including volcanism, an increase of methane gas in the atmosphere, and climate change. Over 98% of all living things recorded from the history of the Earth have gone extinct. The majority of those species were lost during one of the many mass extinction events throughout the history of life on Earth.

Ethical Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Leadership - Assignment Example Using good leadership skills to show good business ethics can greatly contribute to building of a team culture of the business. It also provides a good measurable benchmarks for business employees to follow as the make independent decisions relating to the business duties. Every individual has an equal right to basic liberty and that there are some freedoms and rights that are very much important than others. This concept of justice is developed from the perspective that every individual is free and equal (Huhtala, Kangas, Là ¤msà ¤, & Feldt, 2013). Their freedom is characterized by their possession of moral powers that is a capacity for a sense of justice and for a conception of the good. The sense of justice is the ability to understand the applications of fairness from the public conception of justice which characterized the fair term of cooperation. This sense demonstrates the willingness to act in relation to others in a way that they can also publicly endorse. Huhtala, M., Kangas, M., Là ¤msà ¤, A.-M., & Feldt, T. (2013). Ethical managers in ethical organisations? the leadership-culture connection among finnish managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 34(3),

Business Communication High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Communication High School - Essay Example This will be a truly blessed opportunity to see the developmental work we have successfully achieved with your invaluable help in the past years. It will also be a wonderful opportunity for our kids to show off their skills and their gratitude. While it has been said that "it takes a village to raise a child", nothing can be truer for our kids at inner city New York, where much work still remains to be done to make our city safer, and our kids more fully aware of the emerging issues that concern everyone, even them. Now, there are a couple of ways wherein you can truly participate: one is to drop by and read our special stories for the day to the kids, stories that will highlight the little things they can do to help the community; or you can send a check with the enclosed business reply mail form. So please mark the 20th of May 2009 off your calendar and let us get together at the Seniors for Kids Day Care Center beginning at 10 in the morning. And remember, whatever little helps-after all the kids of inner city New York are your kids too.

The Role of a CIO (Chief Information Officer) Essay

The Role of a CIO (Chief Information Officer) - Essay Example However, he is considered to be a key player in the CEO's panel. According to Tim Arnoult "the predecessors to today's CIO was the Senior Vice-President of Data Processing. The role was to post transactions to customer accounts and run daily financial statements for the bank. Today, every core process in the company is enabled with technology and the strategic focus is on the use of information to improve customer satisfaction and to gain competitive advantage. Twenty-five years ago, technology consisted of mainframes in the back-office; today the customer and the bank have the advantage of interacting directly with each other through technology."1 The accomplishment of the efforts put forth by the CIO highly depends upon the technological developments in the following six sectors namely information systems, system infrastructure, business systems, human resources, technology and relations. A competent CIO works by executing modified measures in the above-mentioned spheres in order to boost the IT operations being carried out in the respective company. The following paper is aimed at studying the roles of CIO in diversified fields, ranging from the discipline of learning to the administration sectors keeping in view, the challenging past of the CIOs and the prospects for them in the coming years. CIOs are the administrative executives whose primary task is to look after the services related to the information systems department. Integrating business stratagems into the technology sector of the firm is one of their primary objectives. Furthermore, they are also associated with the tasks of improving the organization's Internet and web projects and assist the CEO in attaining the targets aimed by the company by streamlining the business processes and the underlying features for IT operations. Above all, CIOs are the gurus, the symbols and the architects framing the global economy. Business Environments Affect the Role of A CIO Varying environments have a remarked impact on the roles being served by a CIO. Following are some of the milieus that could be experienced by any CIO working at any level in an organization. The first and the initial one being the Startup IT milieu in which the major responsibility of a CIO is to lay the basis for the IT infrastructure and incorporate it with the business-specific implementations. In this environment, it is the task for a competent CIO to work out ways for the expansion of business units. Next one being the High-tech business environment requires the CIO to indulge himself in the exploration of new scientific and technological discoveries and inventions in the fields of sales and marketing. He should work for the improvements of systems, for instance, emailing, VoIP businesses, video conferencing, etc. The third environ is said to be the Bricks and Mortar environment, during which an extensive stress is being laid upon conventional business methodologies. It can be categorized into setting up the IT infrastructures in health-care or governmental departments. The fourth and the most significant one is the Internet environment. The situation under discussion affects the CIO to a great extent and the CIOs of the current scenario are also the dwellers in the same environment.

Methodology Philosophy Epistemology

Methodology Philosophy Epistemology Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3.0 Introduction: This chapter on research methodology will focus on the research question that was presented in Chapter 2, and discuss how it is embraced into the research philosophy, design, methodology and methods used in this research project. 3.1 Research Philosophy: Research philosophy relates to the development of knowledge in a specific area and nature of that knowledge as applicable to the research project. In short, research philosophy could be assumed to embrace the personal beliefs and the way in which the researcher views the world. The importance of research philosophy within a research project has been highlighted by many researchers. Easterby smith et al. (2003), argues that it is unwise to conduct research without an awareness of the philosophical issues that lie in the background. According to Denzin and Lincoln (2000), the combination of personal belief, researchers experience and understanding of philosophy will underpin the formulation of strategy and selection of methods for the research project. Similarly Saunders et.al (2006) argues that research philosophy influences the researcher about the research process. Easterby-Smith et al (2003), Saunders et.al (2006) considers Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology as the three major par adigms of research philosophy applied in business and management research. Discussions will primarily focus on the ontological and epistemological perspectives of the research project. Whilst Ontology, is linked to the assumptions that a researcher makes on the nature of reality, Epistemology on the other hand is more concerned about the â€Å"general set of assumptions about the best ways of inquiring into the nature of the world (Easterby-Smith et al, 2003). According to Easterby-smith et al, (2003), ontology can be further classified into three perspectives: representationalism, relativism and nominalism. The table shows the details about different ontological perspectives. Epistemology can be further classified into two perspectives namely positivism and relativism. These two perspectives unite on a common assumption that the job of the researcher is the identification of â€Å"pre existing reality† (Easterby-smith et al, 2003). Whilst the positivists researcher approaches the task of understanding reality through design of experiments, on the other hand the relativist achieves it through combination of â€Å"triangulation† of methods and through surveying large samples (Easterby-smith et al, 2003). The two main approaches in management research namely deductive and inductive indicates the nature of the data to be collected and the direction of shift between data and theory during analysis (Yin, 2003). Marrying these research approaches to the research philosophies, Robson (2002), points out that representational ontology and positivist epistemology adopt inductive approach, whereas relativist ontology and epistemological approaches adopt deductive approach. To understand the philosophical approaches used in this research project, it becomes necessary to revisit and analyse the main research question presented in chapter 2: â€Å"Is the Toyota Production System (TPS) transferable to other automotive manufacturers?† Based on the literature presented in Chapter 2, this research begins with the basic ontological assumption that in reality TPS is transferable to other manufacturers given the fact that complete transferability is difficult to a greater extent. This is a relativist view since to establish the truth ‘consensus between different viewpoints must be established (Easterby-Smith et al, 2003). Furthermore, the facts are dependent on the position and viewpoint of the researcher. Therefore, as a result of the research question, a relativist ontological and epistemological approach has been adopted in this study. 3.2 Research Design 3.2.1 Selection of research design Research design is ‘the logic that links the data to be collected and the conclusions to be drawn to the initial questions of study (Yin, 2003). The possible research designs available to the researchers include case research, survey research, action research, experimental design, participant observation and ethnography (Easterby-Smith et al, 2003). According to Meredith (2002) the selection of appropriate research design should be followed after careful consideration of the nature of the research and the research questions that needs to be addressed. According to Meredith (2002), the key advantages of using a case study research are relevance and exploratory depth it offers to the area of study. On the other hand, the main critics of case research are that it is time consuming, needs skilled interviewers, needs more triangulation, its limitations to draw generalizable conclusions from limited cases and lack of familiarity of its procedures and rigor (Meredith (1998); Stuart et al (2002); Voss et al (2002); Yin (2003)). According to Voss et al (2002), case research despite its critics can help not only the theory but also to the researchers by developing new ideas and insights. According to Yin (2003) case study design can be classified into two main categories: ‘single case study and ‘multiple case study based on the number of cases researched to answer the research questions. These are further classified into ‘holistic and ‘embedded case studies based on the unit of analysis within the single or multiple case studies. For instance multiple case study (embedded) research represents study from a multiple cases with a more than a single unit of analysis. For the purpose of this research project, a single case study design was employed. To understand the interrelationship amongst the factors within the single case study, multiple component analysis ‘embedded (Yin, 2003) was done within this research design. Through the single case study, the production system in specific automotive firm was identified and thoroughly analysed for comparison with TPS to answer the research questions. The entire production system was subdivided into: Management, People, Production and Automation, Suppliers and Customers perspectives and each of these were considered as separate units of analysis in relation to answering the research question of transferability of TPS. 3.2.2 Possible Research Designs Although the case study approach is selected for this study, there are other possible approaches to research design and these include: Action research Surveys. It is quite important to understand the suitability of the individual approaches to address specific research questions before making a selection (Easterby smith et al, 2003). Table 1 explains the possible research designs for this research and justifies the selection for the most appropriate approach. Research Design Objective of design approach Status of Selection Justification Case Study Focus of case study is on a ‘contemporary phenomenon with in real life context. Covers research types such as exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. (Yin, 2003). Selected The research question is more exploratory in nature as it tries to identify the critical success factor in implementation of TPS in a specific firm i.e. attempting to understand a ‘live phenomenon. Usage of interviews and observations for data collection together with understanding of a ‘live phenomenon justifies the selection of case study approach as the most appropriate research design for this research. Action Research Implement change as a part of research process in the subject of study. (Easterby-Smith et al, 2003). Not selected This research aims to identify the critical success factor for implementation of TPS From the research questions it is quite clear that there are no intentions to implement any sort of change in the organisation of study. Hence Action research is not a suitable approach to be used for this research. Survey Research Attempts to collect large samples across large or small number of organizations over a period of time. (Easterby-Smith et al, 2003). Not selected Since in this research only one specific organisation will be analysed, response from survey questions could become inappropriate for analysis and answering the research questions. In addition, there is limitation of time in this research for administration of surveys and analysis. Hence survey research is not the most appropriate approach to be adopted. 3.2.4 Potential weakness: In selection of the case research design for the project, it was important to understand and mitigate the potential weakness within this method. The potential weaknesses of case study are: time, access and generalizability of the research findings (Meredith (1998); Stuart et al (2002); Voss et al (2002); Yin (2003)). The following discussions highlight how the potential weaknesses were addressed in this research project. Access: To address the issue of access to the case company, information about the key personnel was obtained and application for permission was sent out at early stage of project. The written consent was obtained from the case company for conducting the data collection through interviews, direct observations and archival documents in addition to the access of key personnel of various disciplines in the organisation. Time: To address the issue of time constraints in the case study research, the researcher had narrowed down the boundaries for the research. From the outset, the scope of project has been narrowed down from holistic approach of TPS towards its transferability perspective taking into consideration the available time for the project. Also time limitations were one of the main reasons for focusing on a single case organisation with embedded unit of analysis to provide an in depth analysis on topic of study. Generalizability of the research findings: Generalizability also known as ‘external validity is defined as the â€Å"extent to which it is possible to generalize from the data and context of the research study to broader populations and settings (Hedrick et al., 1993). Meredith (2002) points out that the opponents of case research argue that its â€Å"theoretic generalizability† is less because the results hold good only for particular situation, whereas the proponents of case research claim that theory developed from such studies becomes applicable to similar and non similar situations. Through the study of a single case organisation, the aim of this research project is to extend and generalize theories on transferability of TPS i.e. ‘analytic generalization, rather than a ‘statistical generalization (Meredith, 2002; Yin, 2003) since the single case organisation studied here does not represent a sample or population. From the above discussions, it is evident that single case study is realistic in terms of the nature of the study (exploratory), time limitations, gaining access and resource constraints. The arguments presented above justify the selection of case study design for this research project and supports both the research question and the research philosophy adopted in this research project. 3.3 Research Methodology Qualitative Case study design would be best suited to understand, the prevalence of a phenomenon in a real life context and implications of the data rather than just the measurement (Yin, 2003). Revisiting the research question mentioned in the earlier section, it is quite clear that the research objective is to map a production system of a specific firm with TPS i.e. understanding a phenomenon in real context. Furthermore, a greater degree of interpretive approach needs to be followed in order to identify the degree of closeness for implementation of TPS and sort out the transferability issues faced by manufacturing firms while emulating TPS. Thus the qualitative methodology for data collection and analysis for this research is justified. 3.4 Research Methods Data Collection Analysis 3.4.1 Source of Data: Data for case studies can be collected through six sources: documents, archival records, interviews, direct observation, participant observation and physical artifacts (Yin, 2003). According to Yin (2003), these individual techniques are complementary to a greater extent and in order to develop a good case study design, researcher should aim at including as much techniques to the extent possible. Similarly Voss et al. (2002), states that multiple source of evidence (‘triangulation) is the important principle for data collection in case research. Based on the above arguments the primary data collection for this research was carried out by semi structured interviews, direct observation, archival records and company documentation. According to Yin (2003), the validity and reliability of the evidence collected can be maximized by three principles: Triangulation, Creating a data base and maintaining a chain of evidence. Amongst these three principles, Triangulation has the most significant impact on the validity and reliability (Stuart et al, 2002) and hence discussions presented below will focus on the elements of triangulation adopted for this research project. 3.4.1.1 Triangulation: Yin (2003) defines ‘Triangulation as the use of multiple sources of evidence and points out that the any conclusion based on multiple source of evidence is likely to be more accurate, reliable and valid. According to Collis and Hussey (2003) and Yin (2003), triangulation can be classified into methodological triangulation (different methods), data triangulation (data sources) and investigator triangulation (different evaluators). In addition to the collection of qualitative data, Voss et al. (2002) argues that case research provides better opportunity to collect quantitative data with greater accuracy and reliability than survey research. The data collected through interviews were verified through direct observations to increase the validity and reliability. Hence by combined use of methods together with collection of qualitative and quantitative data ‘methodological triangulation was achieved in this research project. ‘Data triangulation refers to the collection of data from different sources to increase the reliability of results (Easterby-Smith et al, 2003; Yin, 2003). Based on these arguments, qualitative data collection for this research was primarily carried out by interviews, direct observation, archival records and company documentation. Finally ‘investigator triangulation refers to collection of data by different investigators so as to identify similarities and differences in the data collected (Yin, 2003). Since this research was carried out by a single researcher, investigator triangulation as suggested by Yin (2003) was not possible. 3.4.2 Data gathering: The data gathering in case based research are usually achieved through the written and taped records of the interviews, company information and researchers observation (Stuart et al, 2002; Yin, 2003). It is pertinent to mention here that only hand written notes were employed for this research project since permission for audio tapes were not granted by the case organisation. The answers to the questions in the form of hand written notes were detailed immediately after each interview so as to ensure that data collection was complete. Yin (2003) points out that researchers bias directly affects the data collection process and findings of the research. To protect against error and researchers bias, the key data gathered were double checked with participants themselves and through direct observations. 3.4.3 Data Analysis: According to Miles and Huberman (1994), the three main approaches to qualitative data analysis are interpretivism, social anthropology and collaborative social research. Social anthropology is associated with ethnographic studies whereas collaborative social research is more oriented towards action research. Since the research study was based on case research, interpretivism was the most appropriate approach to be used since it emphasizes on understanding the subject of study through social interactions (interviews and observations) and phenomenologies. â€Å"The most serious and central difficulty in the use of qualitative data is that methods of analysis are not well formulated† (Miles and Huberman, 1994) The above quote acknowledges the importance of data analysis process related to research as this project mainly focuses on the collection of qualitative data. According to Collis and Hussey (2003); Miles Huberman (1994), qualitative data for case study research design can be analysed either by ‘within case analysis (single case study) or ‘cross case analysis'(multiple case studies). Qualitative analysis for this research would be carried out by means of ‘within case analysis since this research would look for data collection from a single case study. By using multiple units of analysis (embedded) ‘within the same case study, the researcher was able to identify the production system in the case organisation and map it with TPS to identify and bring out the transferability of TPS. 3.5 Summary To conclude the section on research methodology, figure 3.2 presented below summarizes the main research approach used within this research project.